Darwin suggested that natural selection was not the only evolutionary pressure at work in sex. There was something else going on as well, something Darwin called sexual selection. This is a preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex.

A study published in 2015 found that it is vital for males to compete for reproduction and females to choose between those competing males.

This helps explain why sex persists as a dominant mechanism for producing offspring.

A fossil called Bangiomorpha pubescens is a multicellular organism that sexually reproduced, the oldest reported occurrence in the fossil record.

The evidence that these fossils sexually reproduced is in the finding that the spores or reproductive cells they generated came in two forms – male and female. Today we know that red algae lack sperm that actively swim. They rely on water currents to transport their reproductive cells, which is likely how they have been doing it for the last 1.2 billion years.

Two members of the same species combine their DNA to produce a new genome.

Some of their offspring will carry a beneficial mix of good genes from both parents, meaning they will respond better to environmental stresses that would leave asexual species in grave danger.

It is a "learning" process – an organism "learns" new information, especially in a changing environment, and the organism passes those lessons on (in its DNA) to the next generation to help them survive.

The vast majority (about 85 percent) of exchange customers nationwide qualify for the program's tax credits and cost-sharing subsidies because their incomes are below four times the federal poverty threshold.

Those eligible for that assistance tend to be sicker than those who don't qualify because those with comparatively low incomes have poorer health on average than people with higher incomes.

Obamacare bars insurers from keeping more than 20 percent of premium income from insurance sales in the individual market to cover marketing costs, administration and profit. Before Obamacare, all companies could keep more, and many did.

Some insurers face heightened financial risks because an unusually large proportion of Obamacare exchange customers are new customers — 50 percent of Aetna's 2016 enrollees, for example. In the old days, insurers could question new customers and charge very high premiums to those having characteristics associated with high health-care use. No longer.

The Affordable Care Act allows premiums to vary by only a few factors, such as the age of the insured.

f the exchanges were merged into one big marketplace for individual health insurance coverage.

In order to sell insurance in an exchange the price insurers charge non-exchange customers for a given plan has to be the same as what they charge Obamacare customers.

Sounds fair to me.

Commuting wastes time and energy that could be harnessed and used for other endeavours.

Telecommuting can be used to regain the lost time.

Discrimination in the workplace is linked to a decline in physical health, according to new research.

Some parents are concerned with vaccine safety broadly or rare vaccine side effects specifically, while questioning the efficacy of giving vaccines to healthy people in the first place.

Some parents believe that vaccines overload children’s immune systems, or that “natural immunity” is preferable to vaccine-induced immunity.

Some parents believe that their children can avoid vaccination because a high enough percentage of the population is vaccinated to keep a given disease at bay. (Choosing not to vaccinate for that reason was described by one popular anti-vaccine doctor as “hiding in the herd.”)

Some Parents Belive In 'Alternative Medicine'.

Some parents are distrustful of the medical system, science, or anything recommended by government in general.

There are also those who scour the primary academic literature in an attempt to understand the science behind vaccines.

In 1998, press coverage of British physician Andrew Wakefield’s spe- cious claims linking the MMR vaccine to bowel disease and autism caused pub- lic confidence in the vaccine to plummet. In England, MMR coverage rates dropped from nearly 93 percent in 1997 to 79.9 percent in 2003–2004.

Surveys and studies point to a myriad of reasons that parents request non-medical exemptions. Some are so unfamiliar with the diseases vaccines protect against that they conclude the vaccines themselves are unnecessary.

Depression hampers self-awareness but it doesn’t eradicate it.

Depression doesn’t knock on the door and introduce itself.

Ig could be too much data for another person to handle.

But if they could vent and another person could relate to their problems or possibly empart to them another point of view that could be helpful.

Sounds crazy? In fact it’s not uncommon for us to mix up the signals for thirst and hunger.

When a sugar craving hits, drink a tall glass of water and wait 15 minutes. 

When blood sugar levels drop our brain tells us to find more sugar. We crave carbohydrates (including sugar), and once we’ve eaten them our blood sugar levels rise.

If carbohydrates are prominent in every meal and snack, our body is on a sugar roller coaster

A sweet treat is a delicious distraction, but the extra kilojoules can quickly add up.

Reaching for sugar when our energy levels dip is both a psychological and physical response. You do get a short surge as your blood sugars levels rise, but once insulin kicks in you’ll feel just as tired, if not more. 

Reaching for sugar when our energy levels dip is both a psychological and physical response. You do get a short surge as your blood sugars levels rise, but once insulin kicks in you’ll feel just as tired, if not more. 

Anxiety, depression and stress and very real and very common. Food, no matter how delicious, is not therapy.

Sugar has always been pleasurable in the past

Sugar has always been pleasurable in the past

Yes the saying is true, you are what you eat. This means that even if you’re going to the gym for an hour, 7 days a week, but all you eat is fatty, sugary, foods and are under or over in calories, you will not see the results you want. Try to incorporate more fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains into your diet.

Quality, not quantity. You could do a million squats or crunches, but if you’re not doing the correct form, you could be targeting the wrong muscles and not seeing the results you want.

My favorite quote recently is “You have to conquer your mind before you can conquer your body.” If you have a negative mindset about going to the gym or feel unmotivated, then chances are you’re not pushing yourself enough to see the changes you’re looking for.

Are you going to the gym consistently? This doesn’t mean going to the gym everyday.

Maybe you’ve starting seeing some results, but it seems like you’ve hit a wall. If you do the same workout every day or stick to the same plan for too long, your body will eventually plateau.

Like anything in life, it’s important to always evolve and change.

According to a report from Johns Hopkins University, an estimated 133 million people (nearly half the U.S. population) suffer from at least one chronic disease, not including cancer.

Perhaps the single biggest source of toxic exposure for most people is food.

The Drug companies KNOW the Government has to give in eventaully.

This is a poor negotiating position.

The Government should not give in until the price is on par with the price in any other country in the world.

Only a Drug can cure a disease.

Only a doctor can prescribe a Drug.

The price of Drugs are arbitrarily set by the manufacturer.

A doctor prescribe a Drug that is needed because (Only a Drug can cure a disease.)

Medicare part D would have to pay for it because its a medical necessity.

But our medicare system should not pay any more than any one else in the world.

Medicare can very rarely say “No way” to a drug company. Medicare beneficiaries wanted the program to cover most drugs that older people would want to use.

Congress put in place rules that strengthen the hand of the drug companies in negotiations.

Fermentation is the only type of preparation of foods that cannot destroy certain nutrients, will creates more nutrients and enhances others.

It removes toxins and harmful bacteria found in many foods.

It will improve your digestion, especially when consumed before your meal and also allows for your nutrients to be absorbed properly.

It aids in the preservation and creation of important enzymes.

Fermentation is a huge supporter to your immune function. It increases your B vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, digestive enzymes, lactase and lactic acid that fight off harmful bacteria.